Welcome to the official publication repository for the 67th Stapp Car Crash Conference! We are thrilled to provide a digital platform where you can access and explore the cutting-edge research, scientific insights, and innovative solutions presented at this renowned event.
Full Papers
Short Communications
- Exploring Heart Strain from Blunt Trauma through a Parametric Investigation of Real-World Commotio Cordis CasesAuthors: Grant James Dickey, Jainee Patel, and Sarang Shin—School of Biomedical Engineering, Western University; Kewei Bian and Sakib Ul Islam—Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Western University; Haojie Mao—School of Biomedical Engineering/Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Western University; Erin Shore and Kristen Kucera—National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research, University of North Carolina Abstract Commotio cordis (CC) is a fatal condition seen mostly in sports when a projectile strikes…
- Comparison of Chinese and German in-depth accident data of pedestrian thorax and head injuriesAuthors: Holger Staack, Volker Labenski, and Giacomo Marini—AUDI AG; Yunshi Liang—VW China CSA Abstract Outcomes from car to pedestrian accidents as recorded in 2022 German (GIDAS) and Chinese (CIDAS) in-depth accident databases are compared for moderate to severe (AIS2+) thorax and head injuries. Both databases are independently analyzed with respect to different injury types, e.g. thorax and head injuries. In general, accidents with AIS2+ thorax injuries are characterized by higher…
- Statistical estimation of the difference of two time-historiesAuthor: Guy Nusholtz—FCA US LLC Abstract There are many methods to determine and characterize the relative differences of two-time histories, test to test, model to test, or comparing two different systems like different vehicle responses or different dummy responses. This short communication presents a method for comparison of two-time histories (model and the average of two or more tests) using a method that estimates the minimum differences of two-time histories….
- Development of proactive anti-whiplash system through a combined computational and experimental approachAuthors: Kalish Gunasekaran and Yuze Li—Mechanical and Material Engineering, Western University; Qi Zhang—Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University; Haojie Mao—Mechanical and Material Engineering/School of Biomedical Engineering, Western University Abstract The majority of anti-whiplash safety technologies currently in production need to be mended or replaced after each deployment, and they are not engaged until a collision occurs. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop a proactive anti-whiplash…
- Thoracic Response of the Hybrid III and THOR Small Female ATDs in Matched Frontal Sled TestsAuthors: David M. Boyle, Devon L. Albert, Warren N. Hardy, and Andrew R. Kemper—Virginia Tech, Center for Injury Biomechanics Abstract The THOR 5th-percentile female (THOR-05F) anthropomorphic test device (ATD) was developed to have a more-biofidelic thorax than the Hybrid III 5th-percentile female (Hybrid III-05F) ATD. The objective of this study is to compare the thoracic responses of the two ATDs during matched frontal sled tests. A 7th-generation Toyota Camry driver…
- Sex-Based Differences in Calcaneal Fracture Tolerance under High-Rate Axial LoadingAuthors: Davide W. Ceritano, Danielle M. Cristino, and Warren N. Hardy—Virginia Tech, Center for Injury Biomechanics; Kerry A. Danelson—Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Abstract This study examines differences in sex-based criteria for axial loading of the ankle. Seventeen (17) right legs were excised from cadavers representing midsized males (6), large females (6), and small females (5). Each specimen was exposed once to high-rate…
- Low-Rate Ankle Stiffness in Human VolunteersAuthors: Julia Polich, Kaitlin Henry, Garrett Bullock, Paula Gangopadhyay, Aaron Scott, and Kerry Danelson —Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation/Atrium Health Musculoskeletal Institute; Erika Matheis—Bennett Aerospace Inc., Contractor to US Army Research Laboratory; Michael Tegtmeyer—DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory; John Bolte IV—Ohio State University, Injury Biomechanics Research Center Abstract Military footwear design provides important foot and ankle support for military personnel. To assess these features,…
- Numerical investigations on the factors affecting thorax injuries in vehicle vs pedestrian accidentsAuthors: Dhaval Jani and Karina Lehmann—VAIVA GmbH, Germany; Holger Staack, Christian Teichmann, and Giacomo Marini—AUDI AG, Germany Abstract Recent studies have discussed the relevance of injuries to the thorax in vehicle vs pedestrian accidents. The present study reports preliminary investigations on effect of vehicle type, impact location, pedestrian orientation, pedestrian leg position for the walking posture and effect of upper extremity interaction with the vehicle, on the injury to the…
- Evaluation of the Thoracic Response of Male Post Mortem Human Surrogates in the Rear Seat during Frontal ImpactsAuthors: Samuel T. Bianco, Allison J. Guettler, Devon L. Albert, David M. Boyle, Warren N. Hardy, and Andrew R. Kemper—Virginia Tech, Center for Injury Biomechanics Abstract Recent studies have found that rear seat occupant protection might not have progressed as rapidly as the front seat, resulting in higher rear-seat injury risk. The objective of this study was to evaluate the thoracic response and damage outcomes of 50th-percentile male PMHS in…
- Development of ‘Relax Seat: Passenger Protection Airbag’Authors: Seokmin Lee, Dongyoung Kim, Dongjoon Lee, Garam Jeong, Seokhoon Ko, and Jaehyun Lee—Hyundai Mobis Abstract With the advent of self-driving cars, significant changes are expected in the posture of occupants, leaning back the seat or sleeping comfortably. In response to the consumers’ needs, automobile manufacturers have recently mounted ‘a Relax Seat’ on the front passenger seat, which can be moved comfortably by reclining the chair back. However, in the…
- Seated Posture of Occupants in WheelchairsAuthors: Brennen T. McManus, Byoung-Keon Daniel Park, Nichole R. Orton, Miranda St. Amour, Sheila M. Ebert, Jingwen Hu, Miriam A. Manary, Kyle J. Boyle, Laura Malik, Tyler Vallier, Matthew P. Reed, and Kathleen D. Klinich—University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute Abstract The advent of vehicles with automated driving systems (ADS) will be of particular benefit to people who remain seated in their wheelchairs while traveling. To develop occupant protection systems…
- Calibration of Kinematic Simulations of Pedestrian Injury Using Field DataAuthors: Wenbo Sun, Jingwen Hu, Carol Flannagan, and Patrick Bowman—University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute; Iskander Farooq and Anil Kalra—Ford Motor Company Abstract Computer simulations have been widely used for occupant and pedestrian injury prediction as a result of vehicle impacts; however, their validity is often limited by the testing data being validated against. This article describes a machine learning method to improve prediction accuracy by calibrating the simulated pedestrian…
- Machine Learning Based Model for Predicting Head Injury Criterion (HIC)Authors: Vikas Hasija—Bowhead (Systems & Technology); Erik G. Takhounts—National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Abstract The objective of this study is to develop a machine learning based predictive model from the available crash test data and use it for predicting injury metrics. In this study, a model was developed for predicting the head injury criterion, HIC15, using pre-test features (vehicle, test, occupant and restraint related). This problem was solved as…
- Investigating Combined Thoracic Loading Using the Elderly Female Dummy (EFD)Authors: Michael Beebe, Kris Sullenberger, Mark Burleigh, Joe McCarthy—Humanetics Innovative Solutions; John H Bolte IV—The Ohio State University Abstract The Elderly Female Dummy (EFD) is an omni-directional ATD developed to represent a vulnerable population. The EFD it is able to be 3D printed and quickly altered to meet design requirements. A recent side impact sled test series suggested that small, elderly females may be at risk of thoracic injuries in…
- Novel use of a Halo Orthosis on Pediatric Anthropomorphic Test Devices (ATDs) in Frontal Sled TestsAuthors: Julie A. Mansfield and John H. Bolte IV—Injury Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio State University; Eric A. Sribnick—Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Nationwide Children’s Hospital/ Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Carrie Rhodes—Passenger Safety Program, Nationwide Children’s Hospital; Vera Fullaway—Research and Development, Safe Traffic System, Inc. Abstract Children recovering from cervical spine injuries may need a halo orthosis, which rarely fits into traditional child…
- Pediatric Cervical Spine Strength and Stiffness in the Sagittal PlaneAuthors: Yadetsie N. Zaragoza-Rivera, John H. Bolte IV, and Laura C. Boucher—Injury Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio State University Abstract In the pediatric safety field the use of computer simulations to assess passenger kinematics is becoming more prevalent. However, there is a need for volunteer data to serve as a baseline for biomechanical responses to better appraise the biofidelity of these simulations. The objective of this study is to provide…
- Volume and Pressure Considerations in Human Body ModelingAuthors: Jiri Kral and Anderson de Lima—General Motors Company Abstract The initial presence and dynamic formation of internal voids in human body models have been subjects of discussion within the human body modeling community. The relevant physics of the human body are described and the importance of capturing this physics for modeling of internal organ interactions is demonstrated. Basic modeling concepts are discussed along with a proposal of simulation setups…
- Improvements in Simulations of Aortic Loading by Filling in Voids of the Global Human Body ModelAuthors: Anderson de Lima and Jiri Kral— General Motors Company Abstract Internal organ injuries of the chest are one of the leading causes of deaths in motor vehicle crashes. The issue of initial presence and dynamic formation of voids around the heart and aorta is addressed to improve kinematics, force interaction and injury risk assessment of these organs of the Global Human Body Model. Steps to fill the voids are…
- The Effect of An Acoustic Startling Warning On Take-Over Reaction Time And Trunk Kinematics for Drivers in Autonomous Driving ScenariosAuthors: Valentina Graci, Madeline Griffith, Jalaj Maheshwari, Rahul Akkem, Meta Austin, Thomas Seacrist, and Kristy B. Arbogast—Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Abstract The Acoustic Startling Pre-stimulus (ASPS, i.e. a loud sound preceding a physical perturbation) was previously found to accelerate action execution in simple flexion exercises. Therefore in this study we examined if ASPS can accelerate take-over reaction times in restrained teen and adult drivers…
- Passenger Injury Analysis Considering Vehicle Crash after AEB ActivationAuthors: Seokhoon Ko, Garam Jeong, Dohyung Kim, Haekwon Park, Kyusang Lee, and Raeick Jang—Hyundai Mobis Abstract Owing to an increasing autonomous emergency braking (AEB) adoption, emergency braking before crash occurs more often than in the case of conventional vehicles. Due to the sudden deceleration in AEB activation, passengers move forward before the crash. To explore how this forward movement affects passenger injury, sled tests are performed with an inclined dummy…
- An Experimental Confirmation of the Occupant Kinematic Response for Out of Position and Belt Tensioning Effect during Collision Avoidance SystemAuthors: Myeongkwan Kang and Dohyung Lim—Mechanical Engineering at Sejong University in Korea; Hyung Joo Kim, Seonglae Kim, and Youngkuen Cho—Automotive Research & Development Division at Hyundai Motor Group in Korea Abstract The methodology of ensuring safety to occupants’ is one of the major challenges about the Integral safety system. Many studies have focused on verification to securing occupants’ restraint during collision avoidance, but the out-of-position (OOP) parameter was not considered…
- Development of Multiple Crash Events to Understand Occupant Behavior and Injury Based on Real-World AccidentsAuthors: Seok Ho Hong, Sung Soo Kim, Hyung Wook Park, Sung Hun Chang, and Jang Mook Lim—Hyundai-Motor Company; Brian William Storey, Jordan Robert Haynes, and Robert Michael Schnorenberg—MGA Research Corporation Abstract Approximately a quarter of automobile accidents in the United States involve multiple impacts, but no standard test methodologies exist for the evaluation of these types of events. In this study, four categories were used for the selection of multiple…
- Human Surrogate Finite Element Models Under Multi-Directional Loading: Applications of Aerospace Data for the Future of Automotive EnvironmentsAuthors: James P. Gaewsky, Derek A. Jones, Xin Ye, Bharath Koya, Kyle P. McNamara, Mona Z. Saffarzadeh, F. Scott Gayzik, Ashley A. Weaver, and Joel D. Stitzel—Virginia Tech – Wake Forest Center for Injury Biomechanics Abstract Injury biomechanics for the automotive environment of the future may be influenced by biomechanical analyses from other fields, including the aerospace environment. This short communication studied the influence of loading direction on the head,…
- Comparative Responses of the PIPER 6YO Human Body Model and the Q6 ATD for Simulated Frontal and Lateral ImpactsAuthors: Shreyas Sarfare, Jalaj Maheshwari, and Aditya Belwadi—Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Nhat Duong—Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems Abstract Adult and pediatric human body models have focused on developing accurate representation of the human body in terms of anthropometry and kinetics/kinematics in correlation with published PMHS (Post-Mortem…
- Using Human Body Models to Assess Knee Ligament Injury in Knee HypertensionAuthors: Chin-Hsu Lin—General Motors Global Research & Development; Mitchell Hortin and Annette Irwin—General Motors Global Safety Center Abstract Shared autonomous vehicles open possibilities for novel seating configurations, enabling greater interior spaciousness by making the front row seats rear-facing or removing one row of seats altogether. Frontal crash simulations with a forward-facing Hybrid III mid-size male FEM demonstrated that the unrestrained legs can swing up freely until they stop at the…
- Effect of Contact Separation on the Abdominal Response to Impact of a Human Body ModelAuthors: Philippe Beillas—Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, UMR_T9406, LBMC, F69622; Fabien Berthet—Transpolis SAS, Lyon Saint-Exupéry Aéroport Abstract In the GHBMC Detailed Human Body Models, sliding anatomical relationships between abdominal organs are modelled using sliding surface-to-surface contacts. As such contacts may open (i.e. separate) unrealistically in tension, their in situ behavior was analyzed in various setups. Surface separation was observed in abdominal and thoracic areas. It was most…
- Next Steps for the IIHS Side Crashworthiness Evaluation ProgramAuthors: Raul A. Arbelaez, Becky C. Mueller, Matthew L. Brumbelow, and Eric R. Teoh—Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) Abstract IIHS has been conducting side impact crash tests since 2003. To understand how the side crashworthiness program can be enhanced, an ongoing research effort is focused on understanding the correlation between IIHS ratings and driver death rate. In addition, the performance of good-rated late-model vehicles has been assessed in higher…
- Warrior Injury Assessment Manikin Oblique Vertical TestingAuthors: Hollie A. Pietsch and David R. Weyland—US Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) Abstract The Warrior Injury Assessment Manikin (WIAMan) was developed to assess injury in Live Fire Test and Evaluation (LFTE) and laboratory development tests of vehicles and vehicle technologies subjected to underbody blast (UBB) loading. While UBB events impart primarily vertical loading, the occupant location in the vehicle relative to the blast can result…
- High-Speed Biplane X-Ray Head Impact Experiments in the Göttingen MinipigAuthors: Elizabeth McNeil, Amy Hermundstad, Pamela VandeVord, and Warren Hardy—Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech Abstract Traumatic brain injury is a persistent problem in the United States. To develop a head injury metric that relates underlying damage found in vivo to impact kinematics, scaling from the minipig to a human is required. The methods and results presented here describe the high-speed biplane x-ray experiments that will be used…
- Effect of Postmortem Time and Preservation Fluid on the Tensile Material Properties of Bovine Liver ParenchymaAuthors: Kristin M. Dunford and Andrew R. Kemper—Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Center for Injury Biomechanics; Tanya LeRoith—Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine Abstract The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of postmortem degradation on the tensile material properties of bovine liver parenchyma when stored in DMEM or saline. Fourteen fresh bovine livers were obtained from a local slaughter house and stored in either DMEM or saline as large…
- Development of Improved Brain Injury Predictors for Diverse ImpactsAuthors: Lee F. Gabler, Jeff R. Crandall, and Matthew B. Panzer—University of Virginia, Center for Applied Biomechanics; Norbert Praxl—Partnership for Dummy Technology and Biomechanics; Philipp Wernicke—BMW Group Abstract Tissue-level deformation is the mechanism for brain injury, and rotational head motion is the mechanism for brain deformation. While numerous rotational metrics have been proposed, many do not represent the mechanics principles that govern brain deformation rendering them ineffective for application over…
- Belted Female Occupants in Frontal Car Crashes are More Likely to Sustain Moderate Concussions than Male OccupantsAuthors: Jacobo Antona-Makoshi—Japan Automobile Research Institute; Johan Davidsson—Chalmers University of Technology; Mats Lindkvist—Umeå University Abstract NASS-CDS data from years 2005-2015 was analyzed to estimate the frequency and risk of moderate and serious concussion injuries sustained by belted occupants in car crashes in the US. The concussion data was compared to all other brain injuries of higher severity and analyzed considering crash severity, crash year, car model year, and the victim’s…
- Occupant Torso Kinematics in Low Acceleration Time-Extended Evasive Swerving EventsAuthors: Christine Holt, Sriram Balasubramanian—School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University and Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Thomas Seacrist, Valentina Graci, and Kristy B. Arbogast—Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Jason Kerrigan and Richard Kent—Center for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia Abstract Low-acceleration time-extended (LATE) emergency maneuver events often precede a crash. The inertial forces during such events…
- Multi Directional THOR Testing Comparison to an Updated FE THOR ModelAuthors: Derek A. Jones, Kyle P. McNamara, James P. Gaewsky, Ashley A. Weaver, and Joel D. Stitzel—Wake Forest School of Medicine, Virginia Tech – Wake Forest University Center for Injury Biomechanics; Jacob B. Putnam and Jeffrey T. Somers—KBRwyle Abstract The use of anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) for calculating injury risk of occupants in spaceflight scenarios is crucial for ensuring the safety of crewmembers. Finite element (FE) modeling of ATDs has…
- Leveraging Human Body Models of Varying Complexity for Computational EfficiencyAuthors: Berkan Guleyupoglu, Bharath Koya and F. Scott Gayzik—Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Virginia Tech – Wake Forest Center for Injury Biomechanics Abstract The objective of this study was to reduce the computational cost of human body model (HBM) simulations by developing a method to switch between models of varying detail during an event. One application is simulations involving active safety systems where the total simulation time can greatly…
- Pedestrian Flex-PLI Legform Test Performance for Seven Early 2000s’ Small CarsAuthors: Becky Mueller and Joseph Nolan—Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) Abstract IIHS is examining the potential real-world benefit of vehicle-based pedestrian tests, such as those proposed by NHTSA for future safety ratings. Laboratory pedestrian headform tests of seven popular small cars from the early 2000s predicted a range of pedestrian head protection for these vehicles. Comparing test results to fatal and incapacitating injury rates for these vehicles from US…